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Hinduism is a complex blend of polytheistic religion, a (belief in many gods, rather like the Greek and the Roman deities) and philosophy. It stemmed from Vedism, which dates back to the second millennium before Christ. It is not surprising therefore that numerous sects have developed or broken away from a faith of this age.

However, most of these sects rely on the one book, the Vedic texts known collectively as the 'Upanishads', and their differences are a result of their individual interpretations of it. These texts describe the activities of Shiva, the creator, preserver and destroyer of the universe and they are based on even more ancient writings such as the Mahabharata, the Ramayana and, less well-known in the West, the Puaranas.

The Bhagavad Gita, the Lord's Song, a part of the Mahabharata, relates a dialogue between Krishna (another incarnation of the god Vishnu) and the student Prince Arjuna. This dialogue elucidates the three paths to enlightenment or union with God.

This might sound dreary, but I can promise you that reading the Bhagavad Gita could easily transform the way that you look upon life no matter which religion you believe in, if you have one.

The fundamentals of Hinduism are that individuals ought to endeavor to connect their selves (Atman) with the Godhead (Brahman) and reincarnation (samsara). Just what people come back as is determined by how people have led their lives, that is, one's actions (karma) and one's duty (dharma).

This constant reincarnation into a life of suffering can only be broken when one reaches the Godhead in a state of Atman-Brahman. Their are four paths to attain this divine condition in Hinduism. These are: jnana yoga, which is based on knowledge; bhakti yoga, which is based on service to God; karma yoga, which is based on work for God (rather than oneself) and raja yoga, which is based on psychophysical exercise.

Raja yoga, or the 'Royal Path', is the kind of yoga that most Westerners will have heard of and seen. Raja yoga is more popular in these West nowadays than at any other time in history.

Hinduism has three primary theistic traditions based on anthropomorphic gods. Vishnu is a loving god incarnated as Krishna; Shiva is both protective and destructive and Brahma is the creator. Saktism is a form of worship dedicated to the female partners of Vishnu and Shiva. Hindu's venerate all forms of life, but the most sacred animal to Hindus is the cow.

Hindu worship revolves around a person's and a family's devotion to a particular 'favourite' god or group of gods. The act of worship is carried out at a shrine, which can be at home or communally in public. There are a number of places of pilgrimage including the Ganges in northern India.

The three primary festivals are Dipavali - the 'festival of lights' - which sacred to Lakshmi, the goddess of prosperity; Holi, a spring festival and Dashara, a harvest festival.

Hinduism is the oldest of the world's great religions. It is most widespread in India, which has outlawed the ancient caste system of Hinduism. This caste system used to divide society into five main groups: brahmins were leaders, philosophers and artists; kshatriyas were princes, soldiers and administrators; vaishyas were merchants and landowners; shudras were labourers and the rest were outcasts or untouchables.

Owen Jones, the author of this article writes on many topics but is currently concerned with Easter.If you would like to read more, please go over to our web site entitled Celebrating Easter

Wales has a long history of music and has been known as the 'land of song' since at least the Nineteenth Century. This reference to Wales as the land of song, probably comes from the passionate singing in Welsh churches and at Welsh sports meetings, particularly at rugby matches. However, Wales' links with music go much further back than that.

Wales has a tradition of folk music which is closely linked with Scottish and Irish folk music. There are several kinds of musical gathering that are similar to those in other Celtic countries in the United Kingdom. For instance there is the twmpath (folk dance session), g?yl werin (folk festival) and noson lawen (a traditional party similar to the Gaelic "C?ilidh").

Modern Welsh folk musicians have frequently resurrected traditions which had been suppressed or forgotten, but have competed with imported and indigenous rock and pop trends. This has been particularly true since the 1990's.

Despite contemporary Welsh trends in music, Wales will always be connected with Male Voice Choirs such as the Morriston Orpheus Choir and Treorchy Male Voice Choir which benefit from world wide fame.

These choirs were frequently made up of workers from one village or one coal mine and so it was quite natural for men to sing when one town played against another, particularly when that game was Wales' national sport of rugby. The first time the Welsh National Anthem, 'Yr Hen Wlad Fy Nhadau' ('The Old Country of my Fathers', usually translated as 'Land of My Fathers'), was sung at an International sporting event was in 1905

Along side the choirs, brass bands sprang up in villages, working men's clubs, churches and at work especially in South Wales where brass bands are still very popular. In fact, the Cory Band is one of the most best brass bands in the world.

There were quite a few world famous Welsh singers in the Twentieth Century and some of them are still singing to jam-packed audiences worldwide. Ivor Novello was one of the first who became famous during the First World War as a singer songwriter. Then there was Geraint Evans and Delme Bryn-Jones in the Second World War.

After that, Tom Jones and Shirley Bassey started their singing careers in the 1950's but are still singing fifty years later. There were also popular bands in the Seventies and Eighties such as Man and Budgie and solo artists such as Shakin' Stevens, nnie Tyler and John Cale (Velvet Underground).

In more recent times, we have seen the Manic Street Preachers, Catatonia, Super Furry Animals and Gorky's Zygotic Mynci; the latter two bands being notable for lots of their songs' words being in Welsh.

There have always been operatic singers as well such as Rebecca Evans, Aled Jones, Bryn Tervel and Charlotte Church. Cardiff hosts the 'Singer of the World' competition and the Wales also has its very own Eisteddfod, where Pavarotti sang for years. It was because of Wales tradition as a nation of singers that Paul Robeson sang in Wales in the Fifties

If you are interested in a Welsh gold wedding ring, or Wales in general, go to our website at Welsh Products Online

The majority of Christians believe that Jesus was born in Bethlehem, Israel, the son of Jewish parents, Mary and Joseph, a carpenter, who had travelled from Nazareth to meet their annual taxes. Mary gave birth, so the story goes, on the 25th December in a stables and Christian countries mark that as the beginning of their calendar, in a similar way that Buddhists and Muslims mark the birth of their spiritual leaders as the start of their calendars.

However, not very much is actually known about Jesus and nothing is known about him from his own hand. The nearest we can get to him are books or gospels written some time after his death by alleged disciples. He was probably not born in the year one, or dot as it should have been, but four years earlier.

There is little to nothing known about him for the first thirty years of his life and then when he was thirty-two he was baptized by John the Baptist. Being Jewish himself, John the Baptist was continually on the look out for the Messiah and he saw Jesus as that Messiah.

Jesus was different from other ministers of the time in that he worked chiefly among the poor, although it is very doubtful that he came from a deprived family himself. He was after all from the House of David, the ruling royal family of the day and age.

Within a couple of years of ministering to the poor and calling himself the son of God, he was arrested by the Roman and Jewish ruling class and, as most Christians believe, crucified. After three days he rose from the dead and after forty days his spirit went up into Heaven to sit at the right hand of his father, God.

Christians see their Bible as an extension of Judaism rather than a denial or a breaking away from it. It is to be expected that the first followers of Jesus were ostracized by traditional Jewish leaders as a break-away sect and in many ways that is what Christianity still is to this day, although it now has more followers than Judaism.

The Christian Bible is in two sections, the Old Testament, which correlates to the Jewish Bible or Masorah and the New Testament, which relates to the time after Jesus' birth which is not included in the Masorah.

The most important part of the New Testament by far is the gospels according to Matthew, Mark, Luke and John. Each of these gospels shows Jesus, his life and his teachings from the personal standpoint of the writer, each having been one of Jesus' apostles.

The foundation of Christian belief is: 1] that Jesus was the personification of God on Earth; 2] atonement - ie that Jesus' death atoned for the sins of all mankind in eternity, so we can all go to Heaven; 3] that the one God has three aspects: God the Father, God the Son and God the Holy Ghost.

After that it gets a bit complicated.

Owen Jones, the writer of this article writes on many subjects but is at present involved with Easter.If you would like to read more, please go over to our website entitled Celebrating Easter

Following Buddha's death in 483 BC, his closest adherents (his disciple monks) took time off their preaching to write down his sermons (sutras) and his regulations (vinayas). In the old tradition of Buddha, monks originally walked the countryside preaching and teaching for nine months of the year and went to sit out the monsoon period in a retreat for three months.

These retreats became monasteries and temples. The retreat into monasteries was important in the development of different interpretations of Buddha's teachings and in due course led to the formation of various sects which gained popularity in various regions of Asia.

There are three foremost Buddhist sects: Theravada, Mahayana and Vajrayana or Tantric Buddism.

Theravada Buddhism is the principal sect in Sri Lanka, Myanmar and Thailand and is the sect that stays most faithful to Buddha's original teachings. Theravada Buddhism teaches that the path to the attainment of personal Nirvana is the aim of life. It is a very individualistic religion in that everybody is alone on their own path to enlightenment.

Mahayana Buddism became the largest sect and spread along the Silk Road from India through China to east Asia starting in around 200 BC. Mahayana Buddhists worship Buddha and the Buddhist saints (bodhisattvas - literally 'wisdom beings').

Bodhisattvas are beings that restrain themselves from attaining Nirvana (and therefore leaving the wheel of life or cycle of birth, death and reincarnation) so that they may help others accomplish Nirvana, which is a major difference between it and Theravada Buddhism.

Mahayana Buddhism is more easily absorbed by different cultures than the other kinds which accounts for it having spread so far. The Buddhist emperor Ashoka (272-232 BC) gave Mahayana a colossal boost in popularity by despatching missionaries to Sri Lanka, south-east Asia and China from where it was taken to Korea and Japan in the Sixth Century anno domini.

Zen Buddhism grew in popularity in Japan and China in the Seventh Century. Zen Buddhism is a variant of Mahayana Buddhism and teaches that Nirvana can be achieved through mental conditioning and meditation.

Vajrayana or Tantric Buddhism arose in the Seventh Century as well and is most common in Tibet and Mongolia. Vajrayana Buddhism tries to identify the initiate with a visualized deity. Tantric cannon includes esoteric writings, teaching that meditation can engage the mind by the use of mantras (chants), mudras (hand gestures) and mandalas (visible icons). The Dalai Lama is the spiritual and temporal head of Tibetan Vajrayana Buddhists.

Buddhism reached its height of popularity in China during the T'ang dynasty in the Ninth Century, when it was partially suppressed by royal command. Similarly Zen attained its height of popularity in the Nineteen Century when the Japanese royal family switched to Shintoism taking numerous royal hangers-on with it. Buddhism declined in India too in the Eighth Century because lots of its principles were absorbed into Hinduism. Buddism was virtually extinct in India by the Thirteenth Century.

Owen Jones, the author of this piece writes on many topics but is at present involved with Easter.If you would like to read more, please go over to our website entitled Celebrating Easter

If you are at all interested in either Pennsylvania or American history, you will certainly have heard of Gettysburg, Pennsylvania and the historic activities that took place there for the period of the American Civil War. The three day long battle that took place there in July 1863 was harsh and bloody, but was claimed as a victory for the Unionist North.

Even so, one quick look in the Union Army burial ground in the Gettysburg National Cemetery on Cemetery Hill will persuade you that the victory came at a very high cost. The cost in human life and human suffering was gigantic on both sides. Later on in the same year, Abraham Lincoln gave a discourse which was to become famous throughout the world as the Gettysburg Address.

These days, the Gettysburg National Military Park is a tranquil place, but it serves as a moving reminder of the battle that was fought, the strategies employed, the heroism of the combatants and the willingness of military leaders to sacrifice the common soldier for political objectives.

If you go to the Gettysburg National Military Park, you would do well to start your tour in the visitors' centre. There you will be able to pick up books, pamphlets and leaflets to help you orientate yourself when you are on the battleground, even if you are familiar with how and where the actual battle was fought.

If you think that it would be too much for you to work things out for yourself or if you do not have much time, you could join one of the regular guided tours. If you are somewhere in between these two positions, you could first watch a film in the Cycloarma Center, where there are also historical items recovered from the battleground on the numerous excavations that have taken place over the nearly 150 years since the battle at Gettysburg took place. If you do not look around the museum before you go on to the battleground, you ought to look later.

If you are visiting Gettysburg to enlighten your children about that most important era of American history, you ought to first check out the special interest programmes available to 7-12 year olds in the warmer summer months. One programme allows children to enlist in the army of 1863 for an hour in order to get a sense for what it was like for soldiers of the day and what it was like for the children that helped them go into battle.

Another programme consists of a story-teller recounting stories of what it was like to be a youngster in the days of the Civil War and the role that children played both in the war and in civilian life back then.

Gettysburg is a spellbinding place to go to whether your family was embroiled in the battle there or not. Many of the combatants' names and place names like Devil's Den and Cemetery Hill will already be familiar to you and a visit to the Gettysburg National Military Park will bring them back to life for you.

Owen Jones, the author of this article writes on quite a few topics, but is at present involved with thinking about the Poconos International Raceway in Pennsylvania. If you would like to know more or check out some great offers, please go to our website at Poconos Vacations.

There are hydrogen fuel cars on the roads of some cities. However there are two ways in which hydrogen can be used to power cars. The first method is to use hydrogen to actually power the internal combustion engine, in much the same way as numerous cars use Liquid Petroleum Gas (LPG). The second way is to use the reaction of hydrogen with oxygen in fuel cells as a battery, which makes the car a form of electric car.

The dream of producing hydrogen in the car while driving along by electrolyzing water is still a long way off, so we are still at the phase of batteries and filling the tank with hydrogen gas. This is the nub of the problem for potential users and manufacturers. There are merely sixteen hydrogen filling stations in Los Angeles and none in 99% of other cities worldwide.

In fact, some of the big name automobile manufacturers have pulled out of the contest to put the first commercially feasible hydrogen powered car on the streets. Ford and GM have declared that they are pulling out in America and so has Renault in France.

However, the Japanese companies are pressing on. In fact, Honda introduced its first hydrogen fuel cell car in 1999. It was called the FCX and they are now ready with introductory models of the second generation hydrogen cars called the FCX Clarity. Guess where they are available for sale? The one city in the world? Yes, Los Angeles, because of its hydrogen stations.

Honda says that, they could go into full-scale production of the FCX Clarity by 2020, if the world is ready for them by then. Hyundai have on-going plans to produce fuel cell (FC) cars and say that they will be in place to launch full-scale production by 2012. Daimler also announced that they would be manufacturing 100,000 FC vehicles in 2012-2013.

Then there are hydrogen powered buses in quite a few European cities including Amsterdam, Barcelona, Hamburg, London, Luxembourg, Madrid. Porto Stockholm and a few more. Lotus, the makers of London taxis, have announced that they propose to set up a fleet of new, hydrogen powered taxis in time for the London Olympics in 2012.

So, the hydrogen vehicle and the hydrogen passenger car is out there and the numbers will be growing pretty soon. The buses, mentioned above, go back to their depot, where an electrolyzing machine turns water into fuel for them to fill up on and the same will be the case for many of London's taxis. Regrettably, getting fuel is not the only difficulty for the average motorist, some of these vehicles, like the FCX Clarity cost about $300,000 each.

However, here are a couple of interesting facts for those who enjoy trivia. Francois Isaac de Rivaz designed the first hydrogen powered car in 1807 and Paul Dieges filed a US patent for a modification to the internal combustion engine in 1970 which allowed a petrol engine to run on hydrogen and 200 years later we are still trying to get it right.

Owen Jones, the writer of this article, writes on a number of topics, but is now concerned with how to get Stapletons tyres. If you want to know more, please visit our website at Car Tyres For Sale.

The teachings of Islam were passed down to humankind through Mohammed who is widely thought of as the last, so far, in the line of Middle Eastern prophets. The first was Abraham of Judaism renown, then there was Jesus for Christianity and then came Mohammed. Mohammed was born in about 570 AD in Mecca, western Saudi Arabia and died 62 years later in 632 in Medina.

The Koran, or the 'Recitation' in English, consists of 144 chapters and was related to Mohammed by God. These doctrines were written down by his secretaries over the course of 23 years.

Like its antecedent religions, Islam is a monotheistic religion and its narrative includes stories or references to Abraham, Moses (and the Ten Commandments) and Jesus, but does not accept Christianity's claim to his divinity.

Another major variance from the Middle Eastern religions before it, is that Jews trace their ancestry through Abraham's son Isaac, whereas Muslims trace their history through Abraham's son Ishmael by another wife.

The root of the word Islam - 's-l-m' - means 'peace' and 'submission' (to God). A Muslim's relationship with God is determined by the 'Five Pillars of Islam'. These five pillars are: Shahadah (profession of faith); public and collective prayer five times daily; charity to the poor; fasting during the holy month of Ramadan and a pilgrimage to Mecca, the holiest of places to Muslims, at least once in their lifetime.

Islam has strict dietary laws, notably about eating pork, and prohibitions against promiscuity, theft, gambling and lying. Muslims worship in Mosques and the services are led by Imams. The most important time to pray is at midday on a Friday, which is the Muslim Sabbath.

The vast majority of Muslims are Sunnites, who are the traditionalists, and the remainder are Shi'ites or 'partisans'. This could generally be compared with the relationship between Judaism and Christianity. The distinctions between the two sects in the both religions have caused untold misery over the centuries and there is no sign of it ceasing any time soon.

There is significantly more known of Mohammed than of Jesus. Mohammed was brought up by his uncle and at the age of 25 he became a trader. At the age of 40, in 610, an angel instructed him to proclaim the word of God. He was not accepted in Mecca but the authorities invited him to quell the city of Medina in 622, which he did.

His condition for accepting this quest was that the people accept the word of God. This they did - this move is known as the Hegim and it is the date from which Muslims record contemporary history - like the Western world uses the birth of Jesus.

By 632 Mohammed was dead, but by then the vast majority of Arabs were Muslims. For one reason or another, Islam spread east and west from Saudi Arabia taken usually by Arab traders probably. Islam never actually got a foothold in Europe (except Spain) but it did move East quite extensively.

Owen Jones, the writer of this article writes on many topics but is currently concerned with Easter.If you would like to read more, please go over to our web site entitled Celebrating Easter

Many people believe that the stars can provide a lot of insight into ourselves, our past and our future. This information can include how, when, and with whom we are most likely to fall in love, although it can go a lot further than that too. This is not to say that astrology is the same as a chart of your destiny, so although the one you love may not be a perfect match for you in astrological terms, it does not mean that you should not create a relationship.

There are a few methods by which you can start to appreciate the universal forces that attract someone to their partner or anyone else. If you learn to read or even master these forces, you will also learn how to make any liaison work better and learn to know yourself at the same time as well.

One of the best ways to start, is to find a horoscope of yourself that appears fairly truthful. In this manner you will uncover a writer of horoscopes that you can trust. Not everyone is at the same level of advancement and this goes for horoscope writers too. Some are novices some are experts, most are in the middle and some are charlatans.

Once you have your own pretty truthful horoscope, get one done by the same person for the one you love or would like to get on with better. Try not to read too much into what you imagine you know until you know that you know it. For example, you might be a Capricorn (a ram), so it might sound logical to be weary of a Leo (a lion) as the two animals are enemies in real life. But learn more; do not jump to conclusions.

You can start to compare the two zodiac signs for complementary and contrasting traits, likes and dislikes though.You can go into as much depth of detail about the ideal zodiac mate for you as you want. However, be very wary of letting the zodiac analysis rule your life and decision-making. Do not give up on someone just because their horoscope appears to clash with yours. Rather, use the information you read about the other person to connect better with them.

There really are quite a lot of very informative books and web sites to help you on your quest to figure out the details of your zodiac match. So do some research and have some fun with it. However, be prepared to uncover a few surprises. You will probably find that the author of the book or web site is closer to understanding you by your zodiac sign than you would ever have believed, which means that the author is almost certainly fairly correct with your partner too.

Once you have been investigating the zodiac for a while, you will look at people differently and you will be very curious about other peoples' star signs. You will want to know whether you can guess a person's sign of the zodiac and whether you can forecast his or her reactions.

Owen Jones, the writer of this piece, writes on many subjects, but is currently involved with Welsh love spoons, or Wales in general, go to our website at Welsh Products Online

Most people look forward to going away on vacation and a lot of people like to make complex plans and bookings. After all you frequently have to make allowances for flights and hotels. However, there can also be car, sightseeing and bicycle bookings as well, depending on the category of holiday you want.

Instead of a hotel, you might want to think about hiring a private cottage. Cottage rentals are a good alternative to a hotel or guest house. In general, cottage holidays are self-catering, so you would have to be ready to put in a little more work than if you went on an all-inclusive hotel stay. A small cottage on the coast in a secluded location would suit many people, but a vacation cottage on the coast might be better for others.

If you pick the right location, you can have whatever sort of cottage you want. Go to the coast if you like sailing or snorkeling. A seaside resort location would offer more night life probably. If you want a quieter fishing vacation with canoing or boating, a quiet lakeside hideaway would be more fitting. Then there are mountain huts and several other degrees of solitude and nightlife too.

If you would like to visit museums and other touristic sights, you should select a location near an appropriate city. It just requires a little forward preparation and thought.

We live in Wales and there are thousands of rental cottages of all types in all manner of locations. If you have a large family, you could hire several cottages close by each there and live in a kind of old fashioned village. There are also modern camps like 'Center Parcs' which have hundreds of very modern cottages in small groups of four or five so that families or friends can stay in a community together.

These modern cottages are very plush, with Jacuzzis, swirl baths, large flat screen televisions and all manner of entertainment equipment and satellite TV. The cottages are set in acres of woodland and wildlife is everywhere. There are deer, badgers, foxes, squirrels and dozens of types of birds including kingfishers, geese, ducks and swans.

The swimming pools are completely heated and go inside and outside into the woods, so that even in the middle of winter you stay warm. There is also archery, boating and hiking with many courses of differing hardship to follow. It is great to walk in the woods knowing that you cannot get lost with animals around every corner.

The wildlife is used to human company, so much or it is not scared and they come right up to you if you stop for a picnic. These holidays are not so cheap as going to a self-catering private holiday, but they are safe, especially for young families.

You can come across cottage rentals through a travel agent, but you can also find them by looking in your local newspaper. These are some of the best finds because the cottages might be only a few hours drive away, but that is far enough to make a big difference. You do not really have to get on a plane to have a great vacation with a difference.

Owen Jones, the author of this article, writes on many subjects, but is currently involved with the rental of Welsh coastal cottages. If you are interested in a cottage or Wales in general, please go to our website at Welsh Products Online

Owen Jones, the writer of this article, writes on many topics, but is currently involved with Welsh love spoons, or Wales in general, go to our website at Welsh Products Online

Coastal holidays are extremely popular which is why every year, millions of tourists head for seaside beaches. Perhaps you like seaside holidays too. seaside vacations are fabulous, but that can be the problem too, because it usually means overcrowding, queuing, litter and noise. Have you ever thought about renting your own private coastal cottage? Many only dream about it, but it is not that difficult or costly to arrange actually.

One point to bear in mind is that, public beaches are well-known and that is why they get too busy. However, private coastal cottages are often secluded or on private beaches, which makes for a much quieter holiday. Often, local people living only miles from the cottage do not know that they are there. In spite of this, most coastal cottages do not cost a fortune to rent.

These coastal cottages are to be had in many countries around the world. They are certainly very popular in Britain, Europe and the United States. The level of privacy and the facilities available will depend on where you go. A coastal cottage in Wales will give you a far different holiday than a coastal cottage in southern France or Coney Island.

Many coastal cottages are located near a popular vacation destination. Not right in the middle of the location, but generally a few miles or less outside, so that you can easily drive in or even walk in, if you want some livelier entertainment. Classic coastal cottage leisure activities include swimming, sailing, fishing and walking.

Of course, one of the chief considerations when renting a cottage is the rent itself. Now the funny thing is that is not nearly such a big concern as you might think it would be. The macro location is more important than the micro location. So, Wales might be cheaper than the south of France, but within Wales itself, there is not a huge variation in price, when you equate like with like. Obviously, a five-bedroomed coastal cottage will be more expensive than a three-bedroomed one.

Another point worth looking into is the ownership of the coastal cottage. Is it owned by a private individual who lives near-by or is it owned by a large business. Is the cottage a genuine, authentic cottage or is it a new, mock cottage building? If it is old, is it connected with anyone famous or a famous event? Knowing these facts can all enhance your enjoyment.

Make sure that you are given some maps or drawings so that you can find the spot easily. Especially if you are travelling to the cottage in the evening or in the dark. Things often look far different at night than in the daylight, and if your chosen cottage is in a secluded spot, there may not be any street lighting

Finally, get hold of some pictures of inside and outside the coastal cottage you ultimately decide on and then reserve it early, because the best coastal cottages go earlier and earlier every year as this form of vacationing becomes ever more fashionable.

Owen Jones, the writer of this article, writes on many topics, but is currently involved with the rental of Welsh coastal cottages. If you are interested in a cottage or Wales in general, please go to our website at Welsh Products Online