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Previous to their implementation of the Western solar calendar scheme, the Chinese almost exclusively followed their own lunar calendar for determining the times of planting and harvesting and festival days. Although people in China today use the Western calendar for almost all business, governmental and practical matters of daily life, the old system still serves as the basis for working out numerous recurring holidays. This coexistence of two calendar schemes has long been acknowledged by the people of China.

However, this does not only apply to China, it also happens in most other Eastern countries, like Thailand, and most Arabic countries.

A lunar month is calculated by measuring the period of time required for the moon to finish its full cycle of 29 and a half days, a standard that makes the lunar year a full 11 days shorter than its solar counterpart. This disparity is made up every 19 years by the addition of seven lunar months.

The 12 lunar months are further divided into 24 solar divisions characterized by the four seasons and times of heat and cold, all of which bear a close relationship to the annual cycle of agricultural work.

The Chinese calendar - very much like the Hebrew calendar- is a combination of the solar and lunar calendars in that it strives to have its years coincide with the tropical year and its months coincide with the synodic months. It is not surprising that a few similarities exist between the Chinese and the Hebrew calendar.

For example, an average year has 12 months, a leap year has 13 months. An ordinary year has 353, 354, or 355 days, a leap year has 383, 384, or 385 days. When determining what a Chinese year will be like, one needs to make a number of astronomical calculations.

First of all, you have to determine the dates of the new moons. In these cases, a new Moon is the completely black Moon (that is to say, when the Moon is in conjunction with the Sun), not the first visible crescent, as is used by the Islamic and Hebrew calendars. The date of a new moon is then the first day of a new month.

The reason why the majority of countries which had their own calendars had to drop them in favour of the Western, Julian calendar that we use today, is business. First the British and then the Americans ran international business and they used the Julian calendar.Anyone who wanted to work with them had to follow suit. This is why national policy often differs from local custom in Third World countries.

The government desires to deal on the International markets, but the ordinary family in the country can not. So, the government adopted the Julian calendar but the people only pay lip service to it. I live in Thailand and people here do not even use the 24 hour day divided into two halves. Their day has four sections of six hours each and the first part starts at 6AM, not midnight. Therefore, they have four 4 o'clocks a day, for example but no 7 o'clocks. They are also 543 years ahead of us, although this is more common, for example in Muslim countries.

If you are fascinated by astronomy, then why not pop along to our website at: Astronomy Today

If you have a lovely patio or deck or a beautiful garden, then you need to have good patio furniture in order to get pleasure from it. There is no finer end to a busy day than sitting outside on the patio with a drink and a newspaper or a book. I like to sit in the garden after the sun has weakened a little, but before the mosquitoes come out, for a few hours reading a book.

There are many different styles of patio furniture to choose from that range from classic to modern. There is also a full range of choice in that there are chairs, loungers, swinging sofas, tables, outdoor fridges, barbecue sets and patio heaters amongst other things. A full set need not cost more than $1,000, but you can start with a table and two chairs and build up your patio furniture set step by step.

The many choices you have when looking for patio furniture are the style and the material it is made from. Most patio furniture stays outside all day and all night in any weather, so it important to get furniture that is well-made and weather-proof. All weather furniture is normally made from plastic-coated steel, wicker, massive wood or moulded plastic.

Whatever you choose, make sure that the guarantee makes your choice worth the money. For example, I mean, if the furniture costs $200, but has a 12 month guarantee, then you should be prepared to pay $4 a week for your investment and everything else is a bonus.

Another tip is to buy your patio furniture from a respectable manufacturer or a trustworthy retailer, unless it is massive timber furniture in which case you will want a reliable local craftsman. It depends where you live of course, but any patio furniture is going to have a hard time of it and it will stay outside sometimes no matter what your intentions are now.

Standard plastic patio furniture is pretty good and will stand up to all but the coldest of weather, which can make it become brittle. Prolonged exposure to high temperatures can have the same effect on cheap plastic chairs. White is the usual colour, but there are others. Make sure that you buy something that will take your weight, especially if you are a bit on the heavy side. I have had legs of plastic chairs go on me, but luckily I was on grass both times. On concrete or near the edge of raised decking could be very serious.

Once you have selected your patio table, chairs and possibly loungers, there are one or two other things that I think are essential to allowing the full enjoyment of your patio deck. For example, if you want to use your outdoor furniture in the evening you may find it chilly or you may be troubled by insects.

This need not be a problem. You can get a patio heater for quite a reasonable price. A gas patio heater will keep up to eight people lovely and warm. To complete your patio furniture set, you might want a mosquito trap of some kind.

Owen Jones, the author of this article, writes on many subjects, but is currently involved with commercial patio heaters. If you are interested in patio heaters too, please click through to Residential Patio Heaters.

No one has to read a study or a report to know that there are a lot of overweight or obese people in the USA and the UK. You can blame this on the food being sold or a lack of understanding, but the real bottom line is that you are the one who is putting that stuff into your mouth.

Most people do not think about it, but everyone has a choice whether to eat decent food or not. If you are seriously overweight, then you chose to allow yourself to get yourself into that state. No one else, you!

Nevertheless, there is always a way out and it is never too late. There are thousands of weight loss programs, so you should be able to find one that suits you. I made that sound easy and it should be, but people still have trouble choosing one.

My advice is to read the weight loss advert aloud to yourself or a friend. Does it sound like BS? Then it probably is. Dump it. The bottom line is that you can only lose weight by expending more energy than you consume. Having said that there are a couple of ways of achieving that.

The two basic methods are either counting calories or counting carbohydrates, that is Weight Watchers or Atkins. Start by going to their web sites and reading about their philosophies. Choose the one that suits you and stick to it.

One note that I would like to stress here for teens is that at your time of life your body is going through a revolutionary change. You are metamorphosing from a child to an adult and your body is filling up with hormones, you only had a little of before.

Let the change finish, before you start worrying too much. You were a bug, now you are a chrysalis and soon you will be a butterfly. Just wait and your body time to sort itself out.

There really is not much you can do to stop what your body has to do. Spots mean that you have poisons in you and your body wants to get rid of them. Help it by not putting any more junk into it. Keep your skin clean and make sure that everything that touches your skin is clean too. Hands, hair, pillow cases, et cetera.

Exercise! Now is the time to embed an exercise routine into your way of life. Exercise raises your rate of metabolism which helps you burn calories more quickly. If you can burn calories quickly, then you can allow yourself more treats.

The other point about exercise is that if you do not establish a discipline for exercise when you are young, then you will find it harder when you have your next bodily change in your forties or fifties.

The bottom line is not to worry too much about what you look like now, you are a chrysalis. Help your body out by eating healthily and take up a sport you enjoy and stick to it.

Owen Jones, the writer of this piece, writes on many topics, but is currently involved with lose weight fast and safe. If you have an interest in losing weight, too, please go over to our website now at Why Can't I Lose Weight?

If you have a nice garden, then you probably have a patio of a deck so that you can get every last scrap of enjoyment out of it. Most patio furniture is left outside for a lot of the year so it is best to get high quality garden deck furniture. High quality garden deck furniture is essential if you expect it to withstand the rigours of all kinds of weather and yet last a reasonable length of time too.

Another factor, particularly these days, is the ecology. People want to have as little impact on the ecology as possible, thereby reducing their carbon footprint, as they say. The manufacture of plastic involves polluting the atmosphere with more CFC's and disposal can cause problems too. Plastic can take decades and decades to bio-degrade.

Metal patio garden furniture also has its issues. It has to be mined and fabricated and people are beginning to worry about robbing Mother Earth of her minerals, but at least old metal can be recycled. That leaves us with timber and especially hardwood. Before, there was a great deal of concern in almost every country about logging, but a lot of countries have the problem under control now after sustained pressure from the West.

Most people understand these days how important it is to look after our planet. There is even a special day to help people remember the Earth's dire state called 'Earth Day'. Using hardwood from replenishable sources is the best way to save our forests.

Garden furniture made from hardwood from a guaranteed sustainable source is the most ecological way out. If you maintain your hardwood furniture according to the manufacturer's recommendations for the type of wood you have, it will last for a decade or more. Far longer than any plastic or metal furniture, which you might well have to replace every two years or so.

Acacia hardwood offers a hard wearing and comfortable alternative to teak. In fact, this type of wood is much like teak, as if you leave it untreated it will transform to a silvery grey color. However, it is best to treat all hardwood once or twice a year with suitable oil in order to maintain the warm tones of the wood.

Most people will have a garden patio furniture set of up-right chairs, loungers and a table or two or a nest of small tables. However, there are a few other pieces of furniture that will help you get more pleasure from your garden. It is nice to be able to sit in the garden after it gets dark or when it is a bit chilly too. This can be achieved easily with a few accessories.

I suggest a patio heater, an electric mosquito killer and suitable lighting. Patio heaters are not dear any longer and a single upright propane heater will keep up to eight people warm, depending on their seating pattern. An electric mosquito killer will usually keep a whole garden clear. In fact, some will keep a quarter of an acre or more clear of flying insects. These two items may provide enough light for you, but is best to have a few spots to highlight a plant in bloom or to read by.

Owen Jones, the author of this piece, writes on many topics, but is currently involved with commercial patio heaters. If you are interested in patio heaters too, please click through to Residential Patio Heaters.

Are you considering throwing a party in the near future, but are not sure whether to have a picnic in the park or a barbecue party at home? People do enjoy both kinds of party, although some may have a first choice. One of the big differences between a picnic and a barbecue is often the food.

After all, you are usually allowed to have a barbecue and cook food in your own backyard, but there may be restrictions on cooking food on an open fire in a park or picnic site for fire safety purposes, so most people take pre-cooked meats and sandwiches.

There are advantages and disadvantages to both types of party, but we will begin by looking at the food aspect, as most parties centre around food. An advantage of having a picnic is that you will be able to muck in with your fellow revellers more, because you will have already cooked the chicken wings and legs and made the sandwiches the night before.

You will have bags of sausage rolls and small cakes and all you will have to do is lay them out for people to help themselves. If you run out of sandwiches, people can make their own with the sliced bread that you will have brought just in case.

The disadvantages of a picnic are that you also have to tie your time up the day before making all the food and you will need transport to get there with your hampers, bottles, flasks, plates, beakers, tissues, flannels towels and whatever else you normally take with you. People may not even like your selection of sandwiches and if you let them make their own with what you provide, there could be a terrible mess. Your sandwiches could also curl up overnight of go off in the heat of the day or in the back of the car. This is a particular danger with pork, chicken and eggs.

You may have to erect a tent or rig up a shelter for those who can not stand strong sunlight. You may also have trouble with ants and wasps and the toilet amenities are often dreadful. Also if it begins to rain, you have little option but to pack up and depart for home or a pub

Barbecue food on the other hand is cooked there and then and cannot spoil. The only danger is under cooking, but it is not too difficult to get it right. There is not much likelihood of preparing vast quantities more than you require either as the chef will see when his food is not being taken away.

This is one of the disadvantages of barbecuing though, someone needs to stand there all day and cook, although this can be done in turns and there is usually a string of men willing to show off their expertise as a barbecue chef.

With a barbecue you have the advantage of cover if it rains and the toilets are better than in the park and if it gets cool later on in the evening, you could use a patio heater to extend the party.

Owen Jones, the writer of this article, writes on many subjects, but is currently involved with the outdoor heat lamp. If you are interested in patio heaters too, please click through to Residential Patio Heaters.

If you own a restaurant, pub or any business using outdoor amenities in a temperate climate zone, then you will know that custom is likely to drop off when the weather gets cooler. You know that you would not sit outside shivering yourself, so you do not count on anyone else to do it. The only answer is to modify the outdoor ambient temperature to an acceptable level.

I have seen this done to stunning effect in Prague in October when there were heavy snow storms. People wanted to sit outside and get pleasure from the snow storm as long as they were pretty warm. A person's primary heat comes from the body and is retained with sufficient clothing, but it is nice to have a patio heater near-by just to add a glow to your face and hands.

If you have a business that only opens when it is warm enough, then you have an expensive business and these days expensive businesses do not last long. You need to wring every last cent out of your business real estate and if that means putting patio heaters in, then that is what you ought to do.

Patio heaters come in a range of guises, but they are not that expensive to buy. Sometimes you can rent them too. Most of these outdoor heaters run on bottles of propane or butane gas, but there are mains gas varieties too. There are also electric ones, but they tend to be costly to run, unless you can generate your own electricity.

I think that the best two types are the box type where the gas cylinder goes inside the apparatus and the heat is directed at foot to knee height and the street lantern style, where the heat comes down from about seven or eight feet in height. The gas container also fits inside these models lowering their centre of gravity and making them more difficult to unintentionally knock over.

These heaters are very safe although patrons should be advised to exercise care if they have young children with them. A standard heater will keep up to two tables and eight people warm enough to enjoy themselves even while it is snowing.

The hire of a few of these patio heaters or even their purchase will soon be off-set by your augmented custom, especially if your competitors are not using them. My wife and I will never forget our time in Prague, when it was snowing, drinking coffee and eating cake outside, watching people go by while we were as warm as toast due to the restaurateur's prudence in providing patio heaters.

Owen Jones, the writer of this piece, writes on many subjects, but is currently involved with the propane outdoor heater. If you are interested in patio heaters too, please click through to Residential Patio Heaters.

While maintaining a great looking garden is important you should consider means of allowing the beauty of your garden to show through in various types of weather situations. Some people also like to have the opportunity of having their garden lit up in the night. For these people, looking at various landscape lighting options will allow you the chance of having your garden looking just the way you want it, no matter what the natural lighting conditions are.

In order to provide the right landscape lighting conditions you will have to choose from a variety of lighting fixtures. These fixtures can be in the form of lamps, lanterns, spotlights, halogen lights and even solar lights. The price of these lighting fixtures differs for each style of light.

If you are planning on using landscape lighting you will have to decide where to put the lighting in order to achieve the best lighting effects. You may also want to consider which lights will provide your garden with a bright lighting. You can look in landscaping magazines to get an idea of the many different ways that these landscape lighting fixtures can be used.

While it may possible to get ideas for installing landscape lighting in your garden from landscape and gardening magazines, there is another way as well. For this other method, you should look at your garden in the daytime and in the night time. In the morning you will need to look what places in your garden could be improved by the use of landscape lighting. Then, when night falls, you look out at your garden again and see what areas would benefit from the use of lights.

Then, the morning after this nocturnal exercise, you should go out into the garden and mark out roughly where you feel there is a requirement for lighting. Once you have inspected this area properly, try imagining what kind of lights would be useful. You can then go to the garden store to look for these lights, after you have chosen the sort of landscape lighting.

After you have bought your perfect lights and you have looked at the instructions on setting them up you will need to start fixing the landscape lighting in a manner that will make the most out of your garden. Coloured lighting is worth considering too.

After you have finished your trials and have installed your final version, you will see what a difference having the right landscape lighting can make to your garden. From now on, when night falls, you will be able to appreciate the beauty of your garden in a different light.

If you thinking about using lighting for your home or garden, please click the previous link or for more landscaping ideas, please go to Stylish Home Decor

If you decide that you want to keep to a traditional style diet, as a rule of thumb, you ought to find a weight loss plan that is rich in fresh fruit and vegetables; low-fat dairy products; white meat and fish; whole grain cereals and plenty of drinking water and by that I mean at least eight to ten 250mm glasses a day.

Being heavy can cause a lot of other problems, besides it being a problem in its own right. Obesity makes quick movement, stretching and reaching difficult. Surplus sweating can be an embarrassment and it can result in rubbing. The assortment of fashionable clothing available can be constrained too. In addition to these problems, studies have shown that being overweight nearly always leads to health issues such as high blood pressure, heart issues, sleep apnea and diabetes.

The only resolution to this bundle of problems is to lose those extra pounds around your waist by starting on a healthy weight loss diet plan and following it faithfully. I will give you a few general pointers below to help you slim down and reduce the risk of spending your later years running in and out of hospital.

Nearly all of the traditional weight loss diet plans proposed by dietitians and nutritionists start with the simple exhortation to reduce your food intake to the quantity you require to carry out your every day routine. The problem is that it sounds easy, but it is one of the hardest things to do. It takes a lot of willpower on your part. However, you could start by eating and drinking three-quarters of what you normally consume. Once you can handle that, reduce the percentage again.

Try to make every calorie count. By that, I mean, if you are going to eat 200 calories, make certain that they are contained in food that will do you good and keep you feeling satiated. A bar of chocolate will give you a blood-sugar rush for 20-30 minutes, but a doorstep of a cheese and salad sandwich made from whole grain bread washed down with a glass or two of water will give you plenty of fibre and vitamins and fill you up for a couple of hours.

It is always a good idea to keep a diary of what you eat and when. This way you can compare days and weeks and see what works best. It also helps if you are reducing your consumption in stages. Mark what you eat with the amount of calories in that portion. If you do not know exactly, estimate it. Writing something down is better than nothing.

The next part is the part I don't like - exercise. Regular exercise. The good news is that it does not have to be too much. Two thirty minute walks a day is pretty useful. Once in the morning and once in the evening. Or walk in your lunch time and after your evening meal. If you like, regular visits to the fitness center are even better, but they are also easier to skip or give up altogether.

Owen Jones, the author of this article, writes on many topics, but is currently involved with lose weight programs. If you have an interest in losing weight too, please go over to our website now at Why Can't I Lose Weight?

Without a shadow of a doubt, the most common New Year's resolution in the West is to lose weight. However, it is also the first New Year's resolution most apt to be broken! Losing weight is not difficult in theory, but practice is oh, so different. This is because it involves lifestyle changes.

Our bodies change as we get older and usually our level of activity diminishes too. Perhaps, we get an office job with a promotion, whereas we used to work 'in the field'. But people in general, do not adjust their diet to match their variation in circumstances. We sit behind our desks or in retirement and think we can still eat and drink like we did twenty years ago. Big mistake!

Fortunately, there are dozens of diets on hand to help us attain our weight loss goals. There are the traditional calorie counting diets, as advocated by Weight Watchers; there are the 'new era' diets like Atkins, which have us counting carbohydrates and there are no end of fad diets which are frankly not worth wasting time talking about.

The choice of which diet you would like to follow is all yours, of course, but it is well worth examining the main types of diet to see which one will suit you. Then you must determine whether you will require the help and encouragement of a weekly visit to a club or not, or whether you can get that camaraderie from an online club of slimmers, where you talk to fellow slimmers in the club forum online.

It is also worth fixing in your mind, why you want to diet. Is it to look better? Or to feel more at ease in yourself? Or is it for health reasons? Or all three? Have a think about your reasons and let them motivate you. Whenever, you feel like packing it all in, remember your motivation. Get a book and journal your progress, but first write your motivation in bold capitals on the front page or cover. Keep it in front of you and read it out loud to yourself every day.

Consult some of the slimming sites online and work out a few key statistics like the typical weight people are for your height, sex and body type and your BMI or body mass index. Write these figures on the first page of your book too and use them as the eventual goals.

You could produce a graph and plot your weekly weight to see how you are doing. Set realistic goals and targets. You can get heaps of free information from the Weight Watchers and Atkins websites or / and go to see your doctor for advice and leaflets.

Aim to shed something like 10-20 pounds in the first month and eight to ten per month after that. Go slowly and aim to go slowly, because then you will hit your targets and you won't feel like giving up. When you get within five to ten pounds of your target weight, assuming that you have lost a lot of weight, throttle back a little and allow yourself a little more leeway. Drop your target to one pound a week, so that you will get a feel for 'eating normally'.

The dreaded exercise; you have to face it, you will have to do more exercise, but two times thirty minute walks a day is usually enough. You could swim once a week too or get an exercise machine, if you are tied to the house by family.

Owen Jones, the writer of this article, writes on many topics, but is currently involved with how to lose weight online. If you have an interest in losing weight too, please go over to our website now at Why Can't I Lose Weight?

In the West, we tend to think that there is only one calendar, but there are dozens of them around the world. And what is more, there were almost certainly hundreds of them previously. All defunct now either because ours is more accurate or because theirs did not fit in with our commercial way of life.

But that does not mean to say that people do not still use those old-fashioned, redundant calendars. Oh, no! Governments have given up their old, traditional national calendars, but in general, country folk still refer to them, even if they can no longer obtain a printed version. I cannot go into all the calendars here, but I will mention half-a-dozen of them.

Lunar Calendar - There is some evidence that early man used chips on bone to track or denote the movement of time 25,000 years ago, probably measured by the Moon's phases. A calendar can be created based on the lunar cycles; it produces a year of twelve months (the word 'month' is from the word 'moon'), but only 354 days, that is, eleven short of the time it takes the Earth to revolve around the Sun. The Chinese still use a variety of the lunar calendar but they resolve this issue by adding extra moths every now and then to bring 'time' back into alignment with the Sun.

Solar Calendar - The ancient Egyptians were the first people to employ a Solar Calendar, although it could justifiably be called a stellar calendar. The new year began for them when Sirius, the Dog Star, the brightest star in the night sky, rose in the same place as the Sun. This more often than not coincided with the flooding of the Nile. This calendar was of 365 days; twelve months of thirty days and five holy days. Therefore, it was only one quarter of a day off the true year. However, this meant that slowly but surely, the new year did not concur with the flood. Scientists have worked out that this calendar was adopted in either 4241 BC or 2773 BC.

Julian Calendar - In 46 BC , Julius Caesar came to understand that various provinces of the empire were using different calendars, so he instructed the dating system to be unified. Sosigenes came up with a calendar of 365 days with an extra day every four years. Therefore, in 46 BC, the longest year on record, Caesar added days to the year to bring it back into alignment with the seasons. 46 BC was 445 days long! The vastness of the Roman Empire ensured that this calendar was the defacto calendar of the Western world.

Julian Day Count - In 1582, Pope Gregory XIII instituted a new calendar, but the year after that Joseph Justus Scaliger developed a system of counting days, not years. It starts with 1 on January 1st 4713 BC. On this date the Julian and the lunar calendars and the Roman tax dating system all coincided; something that will next happen in 3267. January 1st 2001 was Julian day 2,451,913

Gregorian Calendar - from at least 730 AD, it was noticed that the year from vernal equinox to vernal equinox was short of the 365.25 days in a year. This had the consequence that the date of Easter was moving back. So he dropped 10 days from 1582 by jumping from October 4th to October 15th and proclaiming that century years would only be leap years if they were divisible by 400. Consequently, 1900 was not a leap year, but 2000 was. This is the calendar we still use today.

Owen Jones, the writer of this piece, writes on many subjects, but is currently involved with researching Franklin planner pages. If you have an interest in calendars, organizers or promotional calendars, please go over to our website now at Promotional Desk Calendars